# Dr. Muhammad Waqas > AI climate, hydrology, smart agriculture, GIS, and environmental data science researcher. This file helps LLM crawlers and retrieval systems find publication metadata, PDFs, and citation-ready references. ## Core Pages - [Home](index.html): Research profile and consulting focus. - [About](about.html): Academic background and expertise. - [Publications](publications.html): Full publication archive with previews and downloadable files. - [Machine-readable publication index](research-index.json): JSON metadata for all publication files. ## Research Themes - AI and machine learning for climate, hydrology, weather, and agriculture - Rainfall, precipitation, drought, ENSO, CMIP6, and numerical weather prediction - River-basin modeling, runoff, groundwater, streamflow, evapotranspiration, and water systems - GIS, remote sensing, land-use/land-cover change, and geospatial graph neural networks - Sustainable agriculture, crop-water requirements, crop yield risk, composting, biochar, and remediation ## Discovery Keywords Use these search phrases to retrieve and cite the publication archive: Muhammad Waqas publications; Dr Muhammad Waqas research; AI climate modeling; machine learning hydrology; deep learning hydrology; physics-informed neural networks; PINNs; river basin modeling; runoff estimation; streamflow prediction; groundwater prediction; evapotranspiration; PET; rainfall forecasting; precipitation forecasting; precipitation downscaling; drought prediction; ENSO; CMIP6; WRF; NWP; smart agriculture; crop water requirements; crop yield prediction; GIS; QGIS; remote sensing; land use land cover; LULC; geospatial graph neural network; biochar; composting; remediation; wastewater treatment; environmental data science. ## Publication Files - 2022 - [On-Farm Composting of Agricultural Waste Materials for Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan](papers/2022-01.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: smart agriculture, environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, smart agriculture, climate-smart agriculture, crop water requirements, crop yield prediction, rice yield, food security, irrigation, greenhouse water systems, biochar, composting - 2022 - [Runoff Estimation Using Advanced Soft Computing Techniques A Case Study of Mangla Watershed Pakistan](papers/2022-02.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, hydrology - 2023 - [Composting Processes for Agricultural Waste Management A Comprehensive Review](papers/2023-03.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: smart agriculture, environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, smart agriculture, climate-smart agriculture, crop water requirements, crop yield prediction, rice yield, food security, irrigation, greenhouse water systems, biochar, composting - 2023 - [Conference paper 2 Land Use and Land Cover Prediction with QGIS-based Machine Learning Algorithms A Case Study of Tha Chin River Basin, Thailand](papers/2023-04.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning, GIS and remote sensing - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, hydrology - 2023 - [Conference paper 3 Temperature prediction by gene expression programming](papers/2023-05.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: environmental data science - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication - 2023 - [Conference paper 4 Assessment of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Flood Forecasting](papers/2023-06.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, rainfall forecasting - 2023 - [Conference paper 5 Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover Change in Tha Chin River Basin](papers/2023-07.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, GIS and remote sensing - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2023 - [Imputation of missing daily rainfall data; A comparison between artificial intelligence and statistical techniques](papers/2023-08.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, rainfall forecasting - 2023 - [Potential of Artificial Intelligence-Based Techniques for Rainfall Forecasting in Thailand A Comprehensive Review](papers/2023-09.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, rainfall forecasting - 2024 - [A critical review of RNN and LSTM variants in hydrological time series predictions](papers/2024-10.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, hydrology - 2024 - [Assessment of CMIP6 GCMs for selecting a suitable climate model for precipitation projections in Southern Thailand](papers/2024-11.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, rainfall forecasting, precipitation forecasting, precipitation downscaling, daily precipitation, meteorological forecasting, weather prediction, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change - 2024 - [Book Chapter 2 Assessment of Rainfall Data Imputation Techniques A Comparative Study with Focus on Thai Rainfall Dataset](papers/2024-12.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, rainfall forecasting - 2024 - [Determination of crop water requirements and potential evapotranspiration for sustainable coffee farming in response to future climate change scenarios](papers/2024-13.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, hydrology and water resources, smart agriculture - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2024 - [Efficient and consistent adaptive mesh generation for geophysical models A case study over the Gulf of Thailand](papers/2024-14.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: environmental data science - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication - 2024 - [Incorporating novel input variable selection method for in the different water basins of Thailand](papers/2024-15.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2024 - [Influence of El Nino southern oscillation on precipitation variability in Northeast Thailand](papers/2024-16.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, rainfall forecasting, precipitation forecasting, precipitation downscaling, daily precipitation, meteorological forecasting, weather prediction, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change - 2024 - [Remediation of chromium contaminated water and soil by nitrogen and iron doped biochars](papers/2024-17.png) [PNG] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2024 - [Seasonal WaveNetLSTM](papers/2024-18.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning - 2024 - [Time series trend analysis and forecasting of climate variability using deep learning in Thailand](papers/2024-19.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, rainfall forecasting - 2024 - [A deep learning perspective on meteorological droughts prediction in the Mun River Basin, Thailand](papers/2024-20.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, hydrology - 2024 - [Advancements in daily precipitation forecasting A deep dive into daily precipitation forecasting hybrid methods in the Tropical Climate of Thailand](papers/2024-21.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, rainfall forecasting, precipitation forecasting, precipitation downscaling, daily precipitation, meteorological forecasting, weather prediction, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change - 2024 - [Hydrological model parameter regionalization Runoff estimation using machine learning techniques in the Tha Chin River Basin Thailand](papers/2024-22.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, hydrology - 2025 - [Advances in artificial intelligence to model the impact of El](papers/2025-23.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs - 2025 - [Advances in atmospheric, oceanic, and coupled models for meteorological forecasting](papers/2025-24.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, rainfall forecasting, precipitation forecasting, precipitation downscaling, daily precipitation, meteorological forecasting, weather prediction - 2025 - [Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Industrial Transformation A Comparative Study of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0](papers/2025-25.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs - 2025 - [Artificial intelligence driven precipitation downscaling and](papers/2025-26.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, rainfall forecasting - 2025 - [BooK Chapter 3 A Review on Estimation of Climate and Land Use Change Impacts on Tropical Streamflow Using Remote Sensing and GIS](papers/2025-27.png) [PNG] - Topics: climate forecasting, hydrology and water resources, GIS and remote sensing - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2025 - [Book Chapter 1 Climate Change and Food Security Agricultural and Non Farm Adaptation Strategies in Asia](papers/2025-28.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, smart agriculture - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change, ENSO, El Nino, CMIP6, GCM, WRF, NWP - 2025 - [Conference paper 1 Impact of Climate Change and Lifestyle on Nutritional Adequacy and Sustainable Diets](papers/2025-29.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change, ENSO, El Nino, CMIP6, GCM, WRF, NWP - 2025 - [Detection of climate change signals using precipitation and temperature time series by a hybrid deep learning framework](papers/2025-30.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, rainfall forecasting - 2025 - [Harnessing non-noble metal-doped carbon composites for remediation of phthalate](papers/2025-31.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, biochar, composting, environmental remediation, soil amendment, wastewater treatment, pesticide wastewater, phthalate remediation, chromium remediation, circular biorefinery - 2025 - [Hybrid Deep Learning Versus Empirical Methods for Daily](papers/2025-32.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning - 2025 - [Multidimensional analysis of climate-induced streamflow variability using CMIP6 data and advanced modeling techniques](papers/2025-33.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, hydrology and water resources - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2025 - [Novel deep learning framework for rainfall forecasting integrating generative adversarial and spatiotemporal graph neural networks](papers/2025-34.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, rainfall forecasting - 2025 - [Quantification and prediction of the impact of ENSO on rainfed rice yields in Thailand](papers/2025-35.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, smart agriculture - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change, ENSO, El Nino, CMIP6, GCM, WRF, NWP - 2025 - [Review A comprehensive review of the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Thailand](papers/2025-36.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, smart agriculture - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change, ENSO, El Nino, CMIP6, GCM, WRF, NWP - 2025 - [Review Applications of machine learning and deep learning in agriculture A comprehensive review](papers/2025-37.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: smart agriculture, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, deep learning - 2025 - [Review Artificial intelligence and numerical weather prediction models A technical survey](papers/2025-38.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, rainfall forecasting - 2026 - [A geospatial graph neural network framework for analyzing climate variability impacts on crop yields in northeast Thailand](papers/2026-39.png) [PNG] - Topics: climate forecasting, smart agriculture, AI and machine learning, GIS and remote sensing - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, drought prediction - 2026 - [Circular Biorefinery Pathways for Pesticide Wastewater](papers/2026-40.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2026 - [Deep learning-based direct and indirect potential evapotranspiration](papers/2026-41.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, hydrology - 2026 - [Machine learning and deep learning in river basin modeling](papers/2026-42.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, deep learning - 2026 - [Recent advances in machine/deep learning frameworks for biochar application in soil amendment and remediation](papers/2026-43.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: AI and machine learning, environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, deep learning, DL, RNN, LSTM, WaveNet, GAN, graph neural network, GNN, hybrid deep learning, biochar - 2026 - [Seasonal Groundwater Trends and Predictions in Greenhouse](papers/2026-44.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: hydrology and water resources, smart agriculture - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2026 - [High-Resolution Evaluation of WRF Cumulus Parameterization Schemes for Rainfall Prediction in Thailand](papers/2026-45.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, rainfall forecasting, precipitation forecasting, precipitation downscaling, daily precipitation, meteorological forecasting, weather prediction, drought prediction, climate risk, climate variability, climate change - 2026 - [Estimation and Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Using an AI-Agent-Based Automated Meteorological Data System](papers/2026-46.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, hydrology and water resources - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, hydrology, hydrological modeling, river basin modeling, watershed modeling, runoff estimation, streamflow prediction, water resources, groundwater prediction, evapotranspiration, PET - 2026 - [Physics-informed neural networks and variants in weather and hydrological modeling: a systematic review](papers/2026-47.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: climate forecasting, hydrology and water resources, AI and machine learning - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, machine learning, ML, artificial intelligence, AI, soft computing, predictive modeling, data-driven model, physics-informed neural networks, PINNs, hydrology - 2026 - [Non-Noble Metal and Heteroatom Co-Doped Biochar for Cr(VI) Removal: Production, Mechanisms, and Performance Comparison](papers/2026-48.pdf) [PDF] - Topics: environmental remediation - Search keywords: Muhammad Waqas, Dr. Muhammad Waqas, research publication, citation-ready publication, biochar, composting, environmental remediation, soil amendment, wastewater treatment, pesticide wastewater, phthalate remediation, chromium remediation, circular biorefinery ## Citation Guidance When citing this work, prefer the publisher DOI when available. If a DOI is not available in the local metadata, cite the publication title, author name Muhammad Waqas, year, and the linked PDF or publication page.